Effects of metals on activity and community of sulfate-reducing bacterial enrichments and the discovery of a new heavy metal-resistant SRB from Santos Port sediment (São Paulo, Brazil).

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can be used to remove metals from wastewater, sewage, and contaminated areas. However, metals can be toxic to this group of bacteria. Sediments from port areas present abundance of SRB and also metal contamination. Their microbial community has been exposed to metals and can be a good inoculum for isolation of metal-resistant SRB. The objective of the study was to analyze how metals influence activity and composition of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Enrichment cultures were prepared with a different metal (Zn, Cr, Cu, and Cd) range concentration tracking activity of SRB and 16S rRNA sequencing in order to access the community. The SRB activity decreased when there was an increase in the concentration of the metals tested. The highest concentration of metals precipitated were 0.2 mM of Cd, 5.4 mM of Zn, 4.5 mM of Cu, and 9.6 mM of Cr. The more toxic metals were Cd and Cu and had a greater community similarity with less SRB and more fermenters (e.g., Citrobacter and Clostridium). Meanwhile, the enrichments with less toxic metals (Cr and Zn) had more sequences affiliated to SRB genera (mainly Desulfovibrio). A new Desulfovibrio species was isolated. This type of study can be useful to understand the effects of metals in SRB communities and help to optimize wastewater treatment processes contaminated by metals. The new Desulfovibrio species may be important in future studies on bioremediation of neutral pH effluents contaminated by metals.

Heavy metal concentrations in Brazilian port areas and their relationships with microorganisms: can pollution in these areas change the microbial community?

The objectives of this study were to analyze the difference in ways in which metals polluting Brazilian port areas influence bacterial communities and the selection of resistant strains. The hypothesis tested was that port areas would have microbial communities significantly different from a pristine area, mainly due to a greater load of metals found in these areas. Sediment samples were collected in two port areas (Santos and São Sebastião) and one pristine area (Ubatuba). Total DNA was extracted and MiSeq sequencing was performed. A hundred strains were isolated from the same samples and were tested for metal resistance. The community composition was similar in the two port regions, but differed from the pristine area. Microbial diversity was significantly lower in the port areas. The phyla Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Thermodesulfobacteria exhibited positive correlations with copper and zinc concentrations. Chloroflex, Nitrospirae, Planctomycetes, and Chlorobi exhibited negative correlations with copper, chromium, and zinc. Cr and Zn had higher concentrations at port areas and were responsible to select more metal-resistant strains. Some genera were found to be able to easily develop metal resistance. The most isolated genera were Bacillus, Vibrio, and Pseudomonas. This type of study can illustrate, even in very complex natural environments, the influence of pollution on the community as a whole and the consequences of these changes.

Comparison of bacterial densities and resistance in different beach compartments: should water be our main concern? / Comparação de densidade e resistência bacterianas em diferentes compartimentos de praia: a água deve ser nossa principal preocupação?

Coastal regions are very important, since they provide food, enable economic and leisure activities however, the increase in urbanization of coastal areas are accompanied by great volumes of organic effluent, which is sometimes discharged in natura in water bodies, increasing the risk of the presence of pathogenic resistant bacteria in marine environments. In fact, recent studies showed higher bacterial densities in sediments than in water, since its present more favorable conditions for bacterial survivor (e.g. sun protection and predation). In addition, bivalves tend to accumulate suspended bacteria from the water, since they are filter feeding organisms. Thus, the present study evaluated densities and resistance to antibiotics of Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli and Aeromonas sp. in water, sediment and mussels samples. Samples were collected at Praia dos Sonhos (Itanhaém) and Ubuqueçaba Island (Santos). Bacterial densities were determined by Membrane Filter Technique and the isolated strains were submitted to antibiotic sensibility test. Bacterial densities were lower in water and higher in sediments and mussels samples. Bacterial strains from Santos presented higher frequencies of resistance than those isolated from Itanhaém (less impacted area). Aeromonas strains were more resistant to Cefalotin and Cefuroxin, Enterococcus to Gentamicin and Streptomicin, and E. coli to Vancomicin and Eritromicin. The results obtained point to the need to establish public policies, laws and monitoring programs about the microbiological quality of mollusks and sediments, including the use of Enterococcus sp as microbiological indicator as well as about the resistance of the bacteria present in these environments

As regiões costeiras são muito importantes, uma vez que proporcionam alimentos, permitem atividades econômicas e de lazer, no entanto, o aumento da urbanização das áreas costeiras é acompanhado por grandes volumes de efluentes orgânicos, que às vezes são descarregados in natura em corpos d'água, aumentando o risco da presença de bactérias patogênicas e resistentes em ambientes marinhos. De fato, estudos recentes mostraram maiores densidades bacterianas nos sedimentos do que na água, pois apresentam condições mais favoráveis para a sobrevivência bacteriana (e.g. proteção solar e de predação). Além disso, os bivalves tendem a acumular bactérias suspensas da água, pois são organismos que alimentam-se por filtração. Assim, o presente estudo avaliou densidades e resistência a antibióticos de Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli e Aeromonas sp. em amostras de água, sedimentos e mexilhões. As amostras foram coletadas na Praia dos Sonhos (Itanhaém) e na Ilha Ubuqueçaba (Santos). As densidades bacterianas foram determinadas pela técnica de filtro de membrana e as cepas isoladas foram submetidas ao teste de sensibilidade aos antibióticos. As densidades bacterianas foram menores na água e maiores nas amostras de sedimentos e mexilhões. As cepas bacterianas de Santos apresentaram maiores frequências de resistência do que as isoladas de Itanhaém (área menos impactada). As cepas de Aeromonas foram mais reistentes à Cefalotina e Cefuroxime, Enterococcus à Gentamicina e Estreptomicina, e E. coli à Vancomicina e Eritromicina. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a necessidade de estabelecer políticas públicas, leis e programas de monitoramento relativos à qualidade microbiológica de moluscos e sedimentos, incluindo o uso de Enterococcus sp. como indicador microbiológico, bem como sobre a resistência das bactérias presentes nesses ambientes

Diversity and Distribution of Heavy Metal-Resistant Bacteria in Polluted Sediments of the Araça Bay, São Sebastião (SP), and the Relationship Between Heavy Metals and Organic Matter Concentrations.

Heavy metals influence the population size, diversity, and metabolic activity of bacteria. In turn, bacteria can develop heavy metal resistance mechanisms, and this can be used in bioremediation of contaminated areas. The purpose of the present study was to understand how heavy metals concentration influence on diversity and distribution of heavy metal-resistant bacteria in Araça Bay, São Sebastião, on the São Paulo coast of Brazil. The hypothesis is that activities that contribute for heavy metal disposal and the increase of metals concentrations in environment can influence in density, diversity, and distribution of heavy metal-resistant bacteria. Only 12 % of the isolated bacteria were sensitive to all of the metals tested. We observed that the highest percentage of resistant strains were in areas closest to the São Sebastião channel, where port activity occurs and have bigger heavy metals concentrations. Bacterial isolated were most resistant to Cr, followed by Zn, Cd, and Cu. Few strains resisted to Cd levels greater than 200 mg L(-1). In respect to Cr, 36 % of the strains were able to grow in the presence of as much as 3200 mg L(-1). Few strains were able to grow at concentrations of Zn and Cu as high as 1600 mg L(-1), and none grew at the highest concentration of 3200 mg L(-1). Bacillus sp. was most frequently isolated and may be the dominant genus in heavy metal-polluted areas. Staphylococcus sp., Planococcus maritimus, and Vibrio aginolyticus were also isolated, suggesting their potential in bioremediation of contaminated sites.

Densities and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from marine waters and beach sands.

Bacterial resistance is a rising problem all over the world. Many studies have showed that beach sands can contain higher concentration of microorganisms and represent a risk to public health. This paper aims to evaluate the densities and resistance to antimicrobials of Escherichia coli strains, isolated from seawater and samples. The hypothesis is that microorganisms show higher densities in contaminated beach sands and more antimicrobial resistance than the water column. Density, distribution, and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria E. coli were evaluate in seawater and sands from two recreational beaches with different levels of pollution. At the beach with higher degree of pollution (Gonzaguinha), water samples presented the highest densities of E. coli; however, higher frequency of resistant strains was observe in wet sand (71.9 %). Resistance to a larger number of antimicrobial groups was observe in water (betalactamics, aminoglycosides, macrolides, rifampicins, and tetracyclines) and sand (betagalactamics and aminoglycosids). In water samples, highest frequencies of resistance were obtain against ampicilin (22.5 %), streptomycin (15.0 %), and rifampicin (15.0 %), while in sand, the highest frequencies were observe in relation to ampicilin (36.25 %) and streptomycin (23.52 %). At the less polluted beach, Ilha Porchat, highest densities of E. coli and higher frequency of resistance were obtain in wet and dry sand (53.7 and 53.8 %, respectively) compared to water (50 %). Antimicrobial resistance in strains isolated from water and sand only occurred against betalactamics (ampicilin and amoxicilin plus clavulanic acid). The frequency and variability of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in marine recreational waters and sands were related to the degree of fecal contamination in this environment. These results show that water and sands from beaches with a high index of fecal contamination of human origin may be potential sources of contamination by pathogens and contribute to the dissemination of bacterial resistance.